Comparative Genomics of Two Sequential <i>Candida glabrata</i> Clinical Isolates.

&lt;i&gt;Candida glabrata&lt;/i&gt; is an important fungal pathogen which develops rapid antifungal resistance in treated patients. It is known that azole treatments lead to antifungal resistance in this fungal species and that multidrug efflux transporters are involved in this process. Specific mutations in the transcriptional regulator &lt;i&gt;PDR1&lt;/i&gt; result in upregulation of the transporters. In addition, we showed that the &lt;i&gt;PDR1&lt;/i&gt; mutations can contribute to enhance virulence in animal models. In this study, we were interested to compare genomes of two specific &lt;i&gt;C. glabrata&lt;/i&gt; -related isolates, one of which was azole susceptible (DSY562) while the other was azole resistant (DSY565). DSY565 contained a &lt;i&gt;PDR1&lt;/i&gt; mutation (L280F) and was isolated after a time-lapse of 50 d of azole therapy. We expected that genome comparisons between both isolates could reveal additional mutations reflecting host adaptation or even additional resistance mechanisms. The PacBio technology used here yielded 14 major contigs (sizes 0.18-1.6 Mb) and mitochondrial genomes from both DSY562 and DSY565 isolates that were highly similar to each other. Comparisons of the clinical genomes with the published CBS138 genome indicated important genome rearrangements, but not between the clinical strains. Among the unique features, several retrotransposons were identified in the genomes of the investigated clinical isolates. DSY562 and DSY565 each contained a large set of adhesin-like genes (101 and 107, respectively), which exceed by far the number of reported adhesins (63) in the CBS138 genome. Comparison between DSY562 and DSY565 yielded 17 nonsynonymous SNPs (among which the was the expected &lt;i&gt;PDR1&lt;/i&gt; mutation) as well as small size indels in coding regions (11) but mainly in adhesin-like genes. The genomes contained a DNA mismatch repair allele of &lt;i&gt;MSH2&lt;/i&gt; known to be involved in the so-called hyper-mutator phenotype of this yeast species and the number of accumulated mutations between both clinical isolates is consistent with the presence of a &lt;i&gt;MSH2&lt;/i&gt; defect. In conclusion, this study is the first to compare genomes of &lt;i&gt;C. glabrata&lt;/i&gt; sequential clinical isolates using the PacBio technology as an approach. The genomes of these isolates taken in the same patient at two different time points exhibited limited variations, even if submitted to the host pressure

Interferência de plantas daninhas na cultura do sorgo sacarino.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo fitossociológico da comunidade infestante ao longo do ciclo de desenvolvimento do sorgo sacarino e a determinação do período crítico de prevenção à interferência das plantas daninhas na cultura. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com três repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por períodos crescentes de controle ou convivência das plantas daninhas em diferentes estádios fenológicos da cultura: 0-3 (V3), 0-5 (V5), 0-7 (V7), 0-9 (V9), 0-11(V11) folhas completamente expandidas e 0-R5 (colheita). A comunidade infestante foi avaliada por meio do número de indivíduos e da massa seca acumulada correspondente, para cada população de planta daninha nos diferentes períodos de convivência. O sorgo sacarino foi colhido aos 101 dias após a emergência, quando se avaliaram altura, diâmetro, teor de sólidos solúveis totais (°Brix) em função dos períodos de convivência da cultura com as plantas daninhas, além do rendimento de colmos nos diferentes tratamentos. Commelina benghalensis e Panicum maximum foram as duas espécies de maior importância relativa na área, no momento da colheita. A ausência de controle da comunidade infestante, durante todo o ciclo do sorgo sacarino, ocasionou aumento no teor de sólidos solúveis totais (°Brix) e redução de, respectivamente, 9% e 25% na altura e diâmetro de colmo da cultura, quando comparado com a testemunha capinada durante todo o ciclo. Considerando a tolerância de 5% na redução da produtividade de colmos, observou-se que o período crítico de prevenção a interferência correspondeu ao intervalo do estádio fenológico V3 a V11

Trace anomaly and induced action for a metric-scalar background

The conformal anomaly and anomaly-induced effective action represent useful and economic ways to describe semiclassical contributions to the action of gravity. We discuss the anomaly in the case when the background is formed by metric and scalar fields and formulate the induced action in two standard covariant forms. The analysis of induced action at low energies reveals existing connection to the renormalization group and effective potential. The classification of anomalous terms is extended to the scalar background and ambiguities in the total derivative terms in the anomaly are considered using Pauli–Villars regularization

Experimental and computational study of the energetics of hydantoin and 2-thiohydantoin

This work reports an experimental and a theoretical study of two imidazolidine derivatives, hydantoin (CAS No. 461-72-3) and 2-thiohydantoin (CAS No. 503-87-7). The standard (p degrees = 0.1 MPa) molar energies of combustion of hydantoin and 2-thiohydantoin were measured by static and rotating bomb combustion calorimetry, respectively. The standard molar enthalpies of sublimation, at T = 298.15 K, were derived from the temperature dependence of the vapour pressures of these compounds, measured by the Knudsen-effusion technique, and from high temperature Calvet microcalorimetry. The conjugation of these experimental results enables the calculation of the standard molar enthalpies of formation in the gaseous state, at T = 298.15 K, which are discussed in terms of structural contributions. We have also estimated the gas-phase enthalpy of formation from high-level ab initio molecular orbital calculations at the G3MP2B3 level of theory, being the computed values in good agreement with the experimental ones. Furthermore, this composite approach was also used to obtain information about the gas-phase basicities, proton and electron affinities and adiabatic ionization enthalpies

Adubação Fosfatada para Cultivares de Mamoneira na região Sul do Rio Grande do Sul.

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Injeção de inseticidas no estipe de dendezeiros para controle de lagartas de Eupalamides dedalus (Cramer) (Lepidoptera: Castniidae).

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